ULUSLARARASI ILISKILER-INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, cilt.17, sa.67, ss.41-60, 2020 (SSCI)
This article aims to demonstrate, through trade war between the US, the EU and China, that this phenomenon is a constant aspect of international trade where its intensity and involved parties keep changing according to the structure of trade. In a long-term perspective, we argue that rather than being a series of phases of cooperation and war, international trade is a mixture of cooperation and war. The divergence and convergence of the American, European and Chinese economies since the 19th century in terms of manufacturing output has determined the structure of their trade relations and bargaining capacity, as well as their distinct conceptions of multilateralism.